Plato's
The Republic Book 4
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The Four Virtues

The City in Speech and the Soul

Philosophical Map

Welcome to The Republic!
Plato's book, regarded as one of the best examples of Western philosophy, is an in depth look at the idea of justice. In Book 4, Socrates and another character, Adeimantus, are discussing the idea of the "City in Speech."
The City in Speech
The City in Speech is Socrate's idea of a perfect society. It is modeled after Sparta. It is a communist system where just about everything is shared communally; even the children are taken from their parents and raised communally. The three classes in the City in Speech are the majority, who have wisdom and rule, the auxiliaries, who are courageous soldiers, and the masses, who are allowed modest wealth and are blessed with temperance.
Plato
427-347 B.C.

Poverty versus Wealth
The City in Speech is an example of a utopia. It is a "perfect" place without wealth or poverty. According to Socrates, both wealth and poverty contribute to the injust state. Once a person gains a certain amount of wealth, they will become lazy in their craft and not care; they already have enough money. The other extreme, poverty, is also bad; a very poor person will not have the tools or the time required to do a good job at a craft. They would be too busy trying to support themselves and their families and trying to survive. Therefore, to create a just state, wealth and poverty alike must be eradicated.

Biography of Socrates
Socrates never wrote anything, because he thought knowledge was a living, interactive thing. The reason Socrates is held to be one of the wisest people of all time is because he realized how much he did not know. When the Oracle at Delphi was questioned about who was the wisest man in Hellenes, she claimed it was Socrates, and so Socrates spent his life trying to prove the Oracle worng. How can I be the wisest man in Greece, he thought, if I know nothing? Socrates would question people, and they would answer him, only to get another question. People would get frustrated when they realized they didn't know as much as they thought they did on a subject. Socrates, a poor, ugly, old man, was considered to be no more than a pest. However, he was an extremely wise old man, and his teachings were the foundations for Western philosophy.

Socrates
469-399 B.C.
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